We previously wrote an introductory blog post on Golang describing why and how the language is gaining traction quickly. Go aka Golang is being used by many large scale systems for various purposes. One thing common in most complex systems is that we have to communicate with other systems / services. JSON is a very popular data interchange format for this kind of scenarios. In fact, it is so popular that you may even go ahead and call it the de-facto data interchange format on the internet. If you have followed any of our REST API tutorials (Django / Flask), you might have also noticed they all output JSON. In this blog post, we will see the different ways we can work with JSON in Golang.
Creating JSON
We can use the encoding/json package to easily create JSON from our Go data structures. There’s a few things to consider while creating JSON in Go. One of them is the choice of data structure.
From Structs
Structs are very convenient to use and often come as cheaper compared to map or other complex structures. We can pass any instance of a struct to the json.Marshal function and get back the JSON as a slice of bytes ([]byte).
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" ) type Person struct { Name string Age int Emails []string } func main() { masnun := Person{ Name: "Abu Ashraf Masnun", Age: 27, Emails: []string{"masnun@gmail.com", "masnun@localstaffingllc.com"}, } json_bytes, _ := json.Marshal(masnun) fmt.Printf("%s",json_bytes) } |
Output should be:
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{"Name":"Abu Ashraf Masnun","Age":27,"Emails":["masnun@gmail.com","masnun@localstaffingllc.com"]} |
Things to note here:
- The field name has to start with a capital letter – this is important and will be discussed soon
- You can nest other structures, in this example our
Emailsfield contain a list of strings - The
json.Marshalfunction returns the JSON anderror, don’t forget to handle the error. You may not often get errors from theMarshalfunction but in some cases where some types can not be converted into JSON, you will get errors. So look out for it. - The returned JSON is in the form of bytes list. So if you want to use it as string, you will need to convert it.
Choosing Field Names
If you have seen the output, the keys/fields in the created JSON structure all start with a capital letter (our struct fields were similar, so this is no surprise). If you have a curious and adventurous mind, you might have tried to go ahead and convert the struct fields into lower caps. But that doesn’t work, does it? Check it out – https://play.golang.org/p/93eDoFSjnW – because if a field / member name does not start with a capital letter, it is not exported. External code can not access it. This is why our name and age fields are not part of the generated JSON structure.
But don’t worry, there’s a simple way of “tagging” our struct fields so we can describe how to marshal our structs. Let’s modify our codes to look like this:
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type Person struct { Name string `json:"name"` Age int `json:"age"` Emails []string `json:"emails"` } |
Next to each field, we have provided tags to describe how this field should be marshalled or unmarshalled. Now we can see you expected results here: https://play.golang.org/p/xlcjU1_VSE 🙂
If you don’t understand the tags, don’t worry, try reading this answer on StackOverflow – https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10858787/what-are-the-uses-for-tags-in-go. We will understand the concepts more when we use structs for various purposes (for example mapping to database tables, but for now, let’s not worry).
Omitting Empty Fields
What if some of the fields are empty? Let’s try that.
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func main() { masnun := Person{} json_bytes, _ := json.Marshal(masnun) fmt.Printf("%s", json_bytes) } |
The output would be:
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{"name":"","age":0,"emails":null} |
If a field is empty, we might want to omit that from our JSON. We can do so by using the omitempty flag in our json field tags.
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" ) type Person struct { Name string `json:"name,omitempty"` Age int `json:"age,omitempty"` Emails []string `json:"emails,omitempty"` } func main() { masnun := Person{ Name: "Abu Ashraf Masnun", } json_bytes, _ := json.Marshal(masnun) fmt.Printf("%s", json_bytes) } |
Now if we check the output again:
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{"name":"Abu Ashraf Masnun"} |
Nice, no?
Skipping Fields
Let’s say in our struct, we need to keep the Age field. But we don’t want it to be a part of the produced JSON. We can use the - flag in the json tag for that particular field.
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" ) type Person struct { Name string `json:"name,omitempty"` Age int `json:"-"` Emails []string `json:"emails,omitempty"` } func main() { masnun := Person{ Name: "Abu Ashraf Masnun", Age: 27, } json_bytes, _ := json.Marshal(masnun) fmt.Printf("%s", json_bytes) } |
The output would be:
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{"name":"Abu Ashraf Masnun"} |
Even though the struct had the Age field set, it wasn’t included in the output. This comes very handy in some cases, for example when a User struct has a Password field that we don’t want to serialize into JSON.
Using Maps and Slices
So far we have used structs. We can also use maps and slices instead. Here’s a quick code example:
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" ) func main() { masnun := map[string]interface{}{ "name": "Abu Asharf Masnun", "age": 27, } json_bytes, _ := json.Marshal(masnun) fmt.Printf("%s", json_bytes) } |
And using slices:
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" ) func main() { emails := []string{"masnun@gmail.com", "masnun@localstaffingllc.com"} json_bytes, _ := json.Marshal(emails) fmt.Printf("%s", json_bytes) } |
They both work as expected. But in most codebases I have come across, structs are more widely used.
Parsing JSON
We have so far seen how we can generate JSON from our go data. Now we will see the opposite. We will be parsing JSON into Go data structures.
Into Structs
We will first see how we can parse JSON data into structs. It’s quite similar to what we did earlier. We will be using the Unmarshal function which takes bytes and pointer to any interface{} type. It reads through the JSON and stores the data in the struct we pass as the second parameter. Let’s see an example:
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" ) type Person struct { Name string `json:"name"` Age int `json:"age"` Emails []string `json:"emails"` } func main() { json_bytes := []byte(` { "Name":"Abu Ashraf Masnun", "Age":27, "Emails":["masnun@gmail.com","masnun@localstaffingllc.com"] } `) masnun := Person{} err := json.Unmarshal(json_bytes, &masnun) if err != nil { panic(err) } fmt.Println(masnun.Name, masnun.Age, masnun.Emails) } |
Here json_bytes hold the JSON we want to process. We already have a Person type with tagged fields. We just need to pass this json_bytes and a pointer to an instance of Person to the Unmarshal function. Please note the pointer is important. We have to pass a pointer otherwise the parser would not be able to write to the struct.
If the struct doesn’t have some fields which are present in the JSON, those will be silently ignored. In the same way, if the struct has fields which are not available in the JSON, they will be ignored too.
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" ) type Person struct { Name string `json:"name"` Age int `json:"age"` Emails []string `json:"emails"` Address string } func main() { json_bytes := []byte(` { "Name":"Abu Ashraf Masnun", "Age":27, "Emails":["masnun@gmail.com","masnun@localstaffingllc.com"], "Score":97 } `) var masnun Person err := json.Unmarshal(json_bytes, &masnun) if err != nil { panic(err) } fmt.Println(masnun.Address) } |
In the above example, the struct has a field named Address which the JSON doesn’t provide. On the other hand, the JSON has the Score key which the struct knows nothing about. In this case, masnun.Address will be empty string.
Into Maps / Slices
We have previously mentioned how structs are cheaper and more widely used than maps. But there’s these use cases where we can not be certain about the structure of the JSON data we want to parse. In such cases, maps can be very useful. Let’s see:
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" ) func main() { json_bytes := []byte(` { "Name":"Abu Ashraf Masnun", "Age":27, "Emails":["masnun@gmail.com","masnun@localstaffingllc.com"], "Score":97 } `) var masnun map[string]interface{} err := json.Unmarshal(json_bytes, &masnun) if err != nil { panic(err) } fmt.Println(masnun["Name"], masnun["Age"], masnun["Emails"], masnun["Score"]) } |
See? We have passed map[string]interface{} and received all the data in JSON. But please remember, the values to each key in the map will be of type interface{}. If we want to extract part of the data, for example, one of the emails and then use it as a string, I will have to manually convert it to a string.
For example this code will fail:
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" "strings" ) func main() { json_bytes := []byte(` { "Name":"Abu Ashraf Masnun", "Age":27, "Emails":["masnun@gmail.com","masnun@localstaffingllc.com"], "Score":97 } `) var masnun map[string]interface{} err := json.Unmarshal(json_bytes, &masnun) if err != nil { panic(err) } var firstEmail string firstEmail = masnun["Emails"][0] fmt.Println(strings.ToUpper(firstEmail)) } |
We will get an error:
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# command-line-arguments ./main.go:27: invalid operation: masnun["Emails"][0] (type interface {} does not support indexing) |
That’s what I was trying to explain just above. The Emails key has a value of interface{} type. Let’s cast it to a list of interface{} first. Then we can take an element (which will be again interface{} type). We further cast it to a string.
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" "strings" ) func main() { json_bytes := []byte(` { "Name":"Abu Ashraf Masnun", "Age":27, "Emails":["masnun@gmail.com","masnun@localstaffingllc.com"], "Score":97 } `) var masnun map[string]interface{} err := json.Unmarshal(json_bytes, &masnun) if err != nil { panic(err) } var emails []interface{} var firstEmail string emails = masnun["Emails"].([]interface{}) firstEmail = emails[0].(string) fmt.Println(strings.ToUpper(firstEmail)) } |
You may be wondering why couldn’t we just get Emails as []string? Well, Go doesn’t know the types of the values in our JSON. So it uses interface{} . That is when it stores Emails, it stores it as a list of unknown types or a list of interface{}. That is why we first need to get it as a list and then we can take individual items and further convert them to the type we want.
Now it works fine 🙂
Streaming JSON Encoding and Decoding
The json package offers NewEncoder and NewDecoder functions which would get us Encoder and Decoder types. These types can work with other objects that support io.Reader and io.Writer interfaces to offer streaming support.
Streaming JSON from a File
We can open a JSON file using the os.Open function and stream it using the json.NewDecoder function. Here’s a quick example:
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" "os" ) func main() { fileReader, _ := os.Open("masnun.json") var masnun map[string]interface{} json.NewDecoder(fileReader).Decode(&masnun) fmt.Println(masnun) } |
We opened a file which implements the io.Reader interface. So we can use it with our Decoder type. We created a decoder with the file reader and then called the Decode method on it. That’s all we needed 🙂
Streaming JSON into a File
Writing JSON is also very similar. We need to open a file in write mode, grab the io.Writer and pass it to json.NewEncoder – then we can pass our data to the Encode method to stream the json into the file.
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "os" ) type Person struct { Name string Age int Emails []string } func main() { masnun := Person{ Name: "Abu Ashraf Masnun", Age: 27, Emails: []string{"masnun@gmail.com", "masnun@localstaffingllc.com"}, } fileWriter, _ := os.Create("output.json") json.NewEncoder(fileWriter).Encode(masnun) } |
Custom Marshal / Unmarshal
If we want to change how our own types are marshalled or unmarshalled, we can implement the json.Marshaler and json.Unmarshaler interfaces. It’s actually simple. We need to define the MarshalJSON and UnmarshalJSON methods on our structs and we’re done. Here’s an example from the official documentation:
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" "log" "strings" ) type Animal int const ( Unknown Animal = iota Gopher Zebra ) func (a *Animal) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error { var s string if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &s); err != nil { return err } switch strings.ToLower(s) { default: *a = Unknown case "gopher": *a = Gopher case "zebra": *a = Zebra } return nil } func (a Animal) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) { var s string switch a { default: s = "unknown" case Gopher: s = "gopher" case Zebra: s = "zebra" } return json.Marshal(s) } func main() { blob := `["gopher","armadillo","zebra","unknown","gopher","bee","gopher","zebra"]` var zoo []Animal if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(blob), &zoo); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } census := make(map[Animal]int) for _, animal := range zoo { census[animal] += 1 } fmt.Printf("Zoo Census:\n* Gophers: %d\n* Zebras: %d\n* Unknown: %d\n", census[Gopher], census[Zebra], census[Unknown]) } |
Pretty nice, no?